In this sense, mixed 2D/3D hybrid-perovskite materials, i.e., materials that have both 2D and 3D components, provide an attractive conceptual route to combine the advantages of enhanced stability of 2D-perovskites with the strong light absorption and good charge carrier transport properties of a 3D-perovskite active layer 12, 13. However, with 2D-perovskite solar cells, there might ultimately be a trade-off between stability and efficiency with the latter being affected by quantum confinement of the excited state, and a lower carrier mobility and narrower absorption window relative to a range of 3D materials 9, 10, 11. Alongside the enhanced stability there has been steady improvement in the efficiencies of 2D-perovskite solar cells with PCEs of up to 18.2% being reported for inverted ( p– i– n) devices 8. The increased stability has been attributed to the hydrophobicity and thermal stability of the 2D-perovskite arising from incorporation of large organic spacer cations 7. Two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskites with a general formula of (RNH 3) 2(A) n−1B nX 3 n+1 have been proposed as a method to improve long-term durability. Therefore, significant effort is now being put towards improving the device stability without sacrificing the efficiency 5, 6. Furthermore, the long-term stability of devices containing 3D perovskites against moisture, heat, and light is still a concern for commercial application of the technology. The very high-efficiency 3D-perovskite solar cells have generally relied on increasingly complex perovskite mixtures (multi-cations and anions), which is an issue for reliable manufacturing. Combining the optimized 3D-perovskite layer with a standard n– i– p device architecture has led to a certified PCE of 25.2% 4. The improvement in efficiency in both cases has been achieved by manipulation of the constituents within the perovskite active layer leading to materials with high absorption coefficients, long carrier diffusion lengths, and small exciton-binding energies 1, 2, 3. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of hybrid three-dimensional (3D) organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on the standard n− i− p architecture have shown remarkable improvement, with the PCEs of cells based on an inverted structure ( p– i– n) generally being lower when containing similar active layers. The high concentration of fluorinated material found at the film-air interface provides greater hydrophobicity, increased size and orientation of the surface perovskite crystals, and unencapsulated devices with increased stability to high humidity. The perovskite layer has no detectable two-dimensional component at salt concentrations of up to 5 mole percent. Here, we show that addition of 0.3 mole percent of a fluorinated lead salt into the three-dimensional methylammonium lead iodide perovskite enables low temperature fabrication of simple inverted solar cells with a maximum power conversion efficiency of 21.1%. Inclusion of larger ammonium salts has led to a trade-off between improved stability and efficiency, which is attributed to the perovskite films containing a two-dimensional component. Three-dimensional perovskite solar cells are most efficient but need to have improved environmental stability. There are currently 196 free ZBrush brushes and over 150 free 3D-Coat brushes available.Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with a simple active layer are desirable for manufacturing. Updated 30 June 2017: You can now download Michael Dunnam’s free resources from his Gumroad page. Kudos to both of them for providing a fantastic free resource. The brushes have been getting a lot of attention since the first set were released last month: our excuse for being late to the party is that Phil Nolan has just converted them into PenPacks for use in 3D-Coat. All the files are packed up as RAR archives, so you’ll need a tool like IZArc capable of unpacking them. The brushes are organised by type (Stroke, Drag, clothing, terrain, technological, skin, natural textures), and can be downloaded individually, or in themed sets.Įach ZBrush ZBP file comes with an accompanying PSD showing the hi-res alpha image used to create it. The full collection of 125 Drag and Stroke brushes can be downloaded for free from his website, and has now be converted for use in 3D-Coat.Īrtist Michael Dunnam has released 125 free custom ZBrush brushes created for use in his sculpting work. Posted by Jim Thacker Download 125 new ZBrush and 3D-Coat brushesĮight custom ZBrush Drag brushes created by Michael Dunnam.
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